Coronary calcifications as a new prognostic marker in COVID-19 patients: role of CT.

OBJECTIVE: COVID-19 pneumonia, caused by the virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic by the WHO on 11th March 2020. While Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) represents the diagnostic gold standard of infection, computed tomography (CT) has been shown to have an important role in supporting the diagnosis, quantifying the severity, and assessing the efficacy of treatment and its response. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a CT finding that estimates atherosclerosis and can be quantified using the coronary artery calcium score (CACS). The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the correlation between coronary artery calcification and mortality rate in COVID-19 patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred seventeen (317) hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were ruled in this retrospective study. All patients underwent a non-ECG-gated chest CT to evaluate lung parenchymal involvement. In the same cohort, we observed the two main coronary arteries (common trunk, circumflex, anterior interventricular and right coronary heart) using a visual score, so patients were divided into four groups based on Ordinal CAC Score (OCS) levels. RESULTS: The multivariate analysis proved that the OCS value was statistically correlated with the mortality rate (p < 0.001). In fact, in the group of patients with an OCS value of 0, the mortality rate was 10.1% (10/99 patients), in the group with OCS between 1 and 4 was 18.9% (21/111), in the OCS group of patients ranged from 5 to 8 was 30.4% (24/79) and in the OCS group between 9 and 12 was 46.4% (13/28). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that calcific atheromasia of the coronary arteries in patients with COVID-19 can be considered a prognostic marker of clinical outcome.

Discovery pipelines for marine resources: an ocean of opportunity for biotechnology?

Marine microbial diversity offers enormous potential for discovery of compounds of crucial importance in healthcare, food security and bioindustry. However, access to it has been hampered by the difficulty of accessing and growing the organisms for study. The discovery and exploitation of marine bioproducts for research and commercial development requires state-of-the-art technologies and innovative approaches. Technologies and approaches are advancing rapidly and keeping pace is expensive and time consuming. There is a pressing need for clear guidance that will allow researchers to operate in a way that enables the optimal return on their efforts whilst being fully compliant with the current regulatory framework. One major initiative launched to achieve this, has been the advent of European Research Infrastructures. Research Infrastructures (RI) and associated centres of excellence currently build harmonized multidisciplinary workflows that support academic and private sector users. The European Marine Biological Research Infrastructure Cluster (EMBRIC) has brought together six such RIs in a European project to promote the blue bio-economy. The overarching objective is to develop coherent chains of high-quality services for access to biological, analytical and data resources providing improvements in the throughput and efficiency of workflows for discovery of novel marine products. In order to test the efficiency of this prototype pipeline for discovery, 248 rarely-grown organisms were isolated and analysed, some extracts demonstrated interesting biochemical properties and are currently undergoing further analysis. EMBRIC has established an overarching and operational structure to facilitate the integration of the multidisciplinary value chains of services to access such resources whilst enabling critical mass to focus on problem resolution.

Amyand's hernia: role of CT for a correct diagnosis.

Amyand's hernia consists in the protrusion of the vermiform appendix into an inguinal hernia sac and represents an uncommon condition with a difficult preoperative diagnosis to be recognized with clinical examination and imaging diagnostic tools in order to choose a correct therapeutic approach for the patient. Four types of Amyand's hernias exist. The case of a recurrent type 1 Amyand's hernia is presented. Multi detector computed tomography allowed a correct diagnosis and the subsequent surgical treatment had no complication for the patient. Radiologists and surgeons need to be aware of this pathology and its classification, as well as of the importance of recognizing both the inflamed and normal appendix within the inguinal canal and the abdominal complications. With the availability of multi detector CT scanning, a greater number of type 1 and 2 hernias are able to be preoperatively diagnosed, and type 3 and 4 better characterized in emergency situation, allowing to perform the best surgical treatment and reducing the chances of pathological recurrence.

Pleural loculated empyema masking a CPAM 3 in a newborn infant: A case report with breef literature review.

Congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAMs) are a heterogeneous group of hamartomatous cystic and noncystic lung lesions that result from early airway maldevelopment. Usually they are distinguished according to Stocker's classification in type 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4. We present the case of a 2 weeks old baby who was admitted to hospital with RDS symptoms and left pleural effusion: X rays and CT were suggestive for a pulmonary cystic lesion with pleural complications. Because of the persistence of pleural empyema and the development of a pneumothorax the baby underwent surgery. The histological examination revealed a type 3 CPAM associated with pleural loculated empyema. According to this case, in newborns with RDS loculated pleural empyema may mimick pulmonary cystic lesions; a treatment-resistant pleural empyema or pyopneumothorax in a newborn can recognize a CPAM 3 as a probable underlying condition, even in the absence of lung suppurative changes; CPAM 3 involving only two lung segments can have an excellent prognosis after surgical excision.

Biosurfactant-induced remediation of contaminated marine sediments: Current knowledge and future perspectives.

The contamination of marine sediments is widespread in coastal regions of the world and represents a major concern for the potential detrimental consequences on ecosystems' health and provision of goods and services for human wellbeing. Thus, there is an urgent need to find sustainable and eco-compatible solutions for the remediation of contaminated sediments. Bioremediation is a low cost and environmental-friendly strategy with a high potential for the remediation of contaminated marine sediments. Here we review the potential application of biosurfactants produced by microbial taxa for the remediation of contaminated marine sediments and we discuss future research needs to develop efficient and eco-sustainable biosurfactant-based strategies for the recovery of contaminated marine sediments, in view of large-scale applications.

Lipoma of the transverse colon covered by tubulovillous adenoma: a rare indication for surgical treatment.

Lipomas of the digestive tract are rare benign tumours which, in most cases, are totally asymptomatic. Because of their localization within the intestinal wall, endoscopy may be completely negative so contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) is very important for detecting and typing these lesions. The case of a 49-year-old man with abdominal pain is presented. Colonoscopy and biopsy of a polypoid lesion on the right colonic flexure concluded for tubulovillous adenoma. The subsequent CT showed a polylobate lesion of 5 cm in diameter with predominant fat density causing luminal sub-stenosis. Histological examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the presence of a voluminous submucosal lipoma. CT allows to diagnose lipomas of the large bowel thanks to the density measurement (between -40 and -120 Hunsfield Units) with an accurate detection of the site and nature of lumen stenosis.

Reversible pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis after liver transplantation.

Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) is a rare disease characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts within the submucosa or subserosa of the intestinal wall. We report a case of PCI in a 54-yearold man 4 weeks after liver transplantation due to hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated liver cirrhosis presenting with illness, diarrhea and abdominal pain. CT scans revealed normal shape of the abdominal parenchymal organs and no intra-hepatic complication due to liver transplantation. Main abdominal venous and arterial vessels resulted patent. Colic loops appeared diffusely thickened for the presence of variable diameter air-filled cysts located within the bowel wall. The patient underwent conservative treatment and the CT control after 4 weeks showed a complete PCI resolution. PCI after adult liver transplantation is probably due to the pre-transplantation chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy and opportunistic enteric infections. Abdominal CT represents the gold standard technique for diagnosing PCI and for evaluating its extension and complications providing data on other abdominal pathologies. It appears as variable diameter gas-filled cysts located within the bowel wall and it is often associated with pneumo-peritoneum probably due to the rupture of subserosal cysts. PCI has a favorable outcome and requires conservative treatment. Major differential diagnosis includes intestinal pneumatosis due to bowel ischemia. PCI after liver transplantation represents an uncommon bowel disease with a favorable prognosis. CT represents the reference imaging technique for diagnosing the disease and evaluating the response to therapy which is usually conservative rather than surgical.

Follow-up of multicentric HCC according to the mRECIST criteria: role of 320-Row CT with semi-automatic 3D analysis software for evaluating the response to systemic therapy.

AIM: To evaluate the role of 320-detector row computed tomography (MDCT) with 3D analysis software in follow up of patients affected by multicentric hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with systemic therapy by using modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (mRECIST). PATIENTS AND METHODS: 38 patients affected by multicentric HCC underwent MDCT. All exams were performed before and after iodinate contrast material intravenous injection by using a 320-detection row CT device. CT images were analyzed by two radiologists using multi-planar reconstructions (MPR) in order to assess the response to systemic therapy according to mRECIST criteria: complete response (CR), partial response (PR), progressive disease (PD), stable disease (SD). 30 days later, the same two radiologists evaluated target lesion response to systemic therapy according to mRECIST criteria by using 3D analysis software. The difference between the two systems in assessing HCC response to therapy was assessed by the analysis of the variance (Anova Test). Interobserver agreement between the two radiologists by using MPR images and 3D analysis software was calculated by using Cohen's Kappa test. RESULTS: PR occurred in 10/38 cases (26%), PD in 6/38 (16%), SD in 22/38 (58%). Anova Test showed no statistically significant difference between the two systems for assessing target lesion response to therapy (p >0.05). Inter-observer agreement (k) was respectively of 0.62 for MPR images measurements and 0.86 for 3D analysis ones. CONCLUSIONS: 3D Analysis software provides a semiautomatic system for assessing target lesion response to therapy according to mRECIST criteria in patient affected by multifocal HCC treated with systemic therapy. The reliability of 3D analysis software makes it useful in the clinical practice.

Marine microorganisms as a promising and sustainable source of bioactive molecules.

There is an urgent need to discover new drug entities due to the increased incidence of severe diseases as cancer and neurodegenerative pathologies, and reducing efficacy of existing antibiotics. Recently, there is a renewed interest in exploring the marine habitat for new pharmaceuticals also thanks to the advancement in cultivation technologies and in molecular biology techniques. Microorganisms represent a still poorly explored resource for drug discovery. The possibility of obtaining a continuous source of bioactives from marine microorganisms, more amenable to culturing compared to macro-organisms, may be able to meet the challenging demands of pharmaceutical industries. This would enable a more environmentally-friendly approach to drug discovery and overcome the over-utilization of marine resources and the use of destructive collection practices. The importance of the topic is underlined by the number of EU projects funded aimed at improving the exploitation of marine organisms for drug discovery.

Breast US as primary imaging modality for diagnosing gynecomastia.

AIM: To assess the role of breast US in diagnosing and classifying gynecomastia as the primary imaging modality and to compare US findings and classification system with the mammographic ones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 48 patients suspected of having gynecomastia underwent mammography and US. Two radiologists in consensus retrospectively evaluated mammograms and sonograms. Both US and mammographic images were evaluated categorizing gynecomastia into non-mass, nodular and flame shaped patterns. The two category assignations were compared in order to find any difference. The reference standard for both the classification systems was represented by the cytological examination in 18 out of 44 cases (41%) and the six-month US follow-up in the remaining cases. RESULTS: The US examination revealed pseudo-gynecomastia in 4/48 (8%) and true gynecomastia in the remaining 44 (92%). Gynecomastia was bilateral in 25/44 cases (57%) and unilateral in the remaining 19 (43%). The cases of true gynecomastia included non mass shape in 26/44 cases (59%), nodular shape in 12 (27%) and flame shape in 6 (14%). The mammographic examination revealed the same results as compared with US findings. 18/44 (41%) patients affected by nodular or dendritic gynecomastia underwent cytological examination confirming the presence of glandular tissue and the benign nature of the clinical condition. CONCLUSIONS: US could be proposed as the primary imaging tool for diagnosing and classifying gynecomastia, avoiding unnecessary Xray examinations or invasive procedures in case of diffuse gynecomastia. In case of nodular or dendritic patterns, biopsy remains mandatory for a definitive diagnosis.

Effect of background parenchymal enhancement on breast cancer detection with magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) may influence the sensitivity of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (DCE-MR) imaging in breast cancer detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 180 consecutive women with 194 breast cancers underwent MR imaging examination. Women were assigned to two different groups depending on the degree of BPE. Group 1 consisted of women with minimal or mild BPE and group 2 of women with moderate or marked BPE. The distributions of histotypes of tumors within the two groups were compared using the χ(2) test. Difference in sensitivities of DCE-MR imaging for tumor detection between the two groups was searched for using the Student t-test. RESULTS: No differences in terms of distributions of histotypes of tumors between the two groups of women were found (P=0.5). The 11% difference in sensitivity of DCE-MR imaging for tumor detection between group 1 (91/92; 99%; 95% CI: 94-100%) and group 2 (90/102; 88%; 95% CI: 80-94%) was statistically significant (P=0.0058). CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of DCE-MR imaging is significantly lower in women with moderate and marked BPE as compared with women with minimal and mild BPE regardless of cancer histotype. BPE could represent a limitation for breast MR imaging interpretation and should be indicated in MR imaging reports.

Role of specimen US for predicting resection margin status in breast conserving therapy.

AIM: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of specimen ultrasound (US) for predicting resection margin status in women undergoing breast conserving therapy for US-detected cancer, having the histological findings as the reference standard. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 132 consecutive patients (age range, 34-87 years; mean, 51 years) underwent breast-conserving surgery for US-detected invasive breast cancer. All surgical specimens underwent US examination. The presence of lesion within the specimen and its distance from the specimen margins were assessed considering a threshold distance between the lesion and specimen margins of 10 mm. US findings were then compared with the pathological ones and specimen US. Sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) for predicting histological margin status were evaluated, having the histological findings as the reference standard. RESULTS: The histological examination detected invasive ductal carcinoma in 96/132 (73%) cases, invasive lobular carcinoma in 32/132 (24%), mucinous carcinoma in 4/132 (3%). The pathological margin analysis revealed 96/132 (73%) negative margins and 36 (27%) close/positive margins. US examination detected all 132 breast lesions within the surgical specimens. 110 (83%) negative margins and 22 (17%) positive margins were found on US. Sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, PPV and NPV of 44%, 94%, 80%, 73% and 82%, respectively, were found for specimen US. CONCLUSIONS: Specimen US represents a time and cost saving imaging tool for evaluating the presence of US detected-breast lesion within surgical specimen and for predicting the histological margin status.

MRI evaluation of post-mastectomy irradiated breast implants: prevalence and analysis of complications.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of post-mastectomy radiation therapy (RT) on breast implants as detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) searching for short-term complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and forty patients (total of 144 implants) were evaluated by MRI; 80 (group 1) had undergone RT, whereas the remaining 60 patients (group 2) underwent mastectomy with implant reconstruction without RT. Two radiologists evaluated MRI images searching for implant rupture signs, sub-capsular seromas, capsular contracture, soft-tissue oedema, peri-implant fluid collections. Implant ruptures were classified as severe complications; seromas and capsular contractures as moderate complications; oedema and fluid collections as mild complications. The prevalence of MRI findings in the two groups was calculated and compared by unpaired t-test. Cohen's kappa statistics was used to assess interobserver agreement. RESULTS: Sixty-nine out of 144 (48%) implants presented pathological findings at MRI with complication rates of 47.5 and 48.4 for groups 1 and 2, respectively. Two (5%) severe complications, 10 (26%) moderate complications, and 26 (69%) mild complications occurred in group 1 and surgical treatment was performed in 10 cases. Two (6%) severe complications, seven (23%) moderate complications, and 22 (71%) mild complications occurred in group 2 and surgical treatment was performed in eight cases. No significant difference between the two groups was found (p>0.1). Almost perfect agreement between the two radiologists was found for MRI image detection (k=0.86). CONCLUSION: RT does not seem to cause a significant effect on breast implants in terms of complication rate in patients undergoing implant-based breast reconstruction. One-stage immediate implant-based breast reconstruction performed at the same time as mastectomy could be proposed.

Comparison between fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and core needle biopsy (CNB) in the diagnosis of breast lesions.

AIM: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and core needle biopsy (CNB) in patients with USdetected breast lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between September 2011 and May 2013, 3469 consecutive breast US examinations were performed. 400 breast nodules were detected in 398 patients. 210 FNACs and 190 CNBs were performed. 183 out of 400 (46%) lesions were surgically removed within 30 days form diagnosis; in the remaining cases, a six month follow up US examination was performed. Sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, positive predictive (PPV) and negative predictive (NPV) values were calculated for FNAC and CNB. RESULTS: 174 out of 400 (43%) malignant lesions were found while the remaining 226 resulted to be benign lesions. 166 out of 210 (79%) FNACs and 154 out of 190 (81%) CNBs provided diagnostic specimens. Sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, PPV and NPV of 97%, 94%, 95%, 91% and 98% were found for FNAC, and values of 92%, 82%, 89%, 92% and 82% were obtained for CNB. Sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, PPV and NPV of 97%, 96%, 96%, 97% and 96% were found for FNAC, and values of 97%, 96%, 96%, 97% and 96% were obtained for CNB. CONCLUSION: FNAC and CNB provide similar values of diagnostic accuracy.

Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in diagnosing peritoneal carcinomatosis in the restaging of patient with ovarian cancer as compared to contrast enhanced CT and tumor marker Ca-125.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of whole-body fluorine-18-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ((18)F-FDG PET/CT) in the identification of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with ovarian cancer (OC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-nine patients with histologically proven stages III-IV OC who underwent (18)F-FDG PET/CT were studied retrospectively. We considered group A as 51 patients who also underwent computed-tomography with contrast-enhancement (CECT), and group B as 35 patients who had also been tested for biomarker Ca-125. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of (18)F-FDG PET/CT as compared to CECT and to Ca-125 were evaluated. RESULTS: (18)F-FDG PET/CT' sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV and NPV for all 79 patients were: 85%, 92.31%, 88.61%, 91.89% and 85.71%, respectively. (18)F-FDG PET/CT sensitivity in group A was 78.6%, while it was 53.6% for CECT. (18)F-FDG PET/CT specificity, calculated in the same group, was 91.3%, while that of CECT was 60.9% (statistically significant difference, McNemar 4, P=0.039). Accuracy was 84.3% and 56.9%, respectively. (18)F-FDG PET/CT' sensitivity in group B was 86.4%, while that of Ca-125 was 81.8% (no statistical difference, McNemar 0, P=1). (18)F-FDG PET/CT specificity in group B was 84.6% while that of Ca-125 was 38.5% (clear but not statistically significant difference, McNemar 3.12, P=0.070). Accuracy calculated in the same group was 85.7% for (18)F-FDG PET/CT and 65.7% for Ca-125. CONCLUSION: (18)F-FDG PET/CT is a useful diagnostic tool when peritoneal biopsy cannot be performed and it can better select those who are candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy.

PIP breast implants: rupture rate and correlation with breast cancer.

AIM: To evaluate the incidence of Poly Implant Prosthése (PIP) rupture as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the prevalence of the detected signs and the potential correlation with breast carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 67 patients with silicone breast implants and clinical indications for breast MRI were evaluated for a total of 125 implants: 40 (32%) PIP in 21 patients and 85 non-PIP in 46 patients (68%), the latest considered as control group. A 1.5-T MR imaging device was used in order to assess implant integrity with dedicated sequences and in 6 cases a dynamic study was performed for characterizing breast lesions. Two radiologists with more than 5 years' experience in the field of MRI evaluated in consensus all MR images searching for the presence of clear signs of intra or extra-capsular implant rupture. RESULTS: 20/40 (50%) PIP implants presented signs of intra-capsular rupture: linguine sign in 20 cases (100%), tear-drop sign in 6 (30%). In 12/20 cases (60%), MRI signs of extra-capsular rupture were detected. In the control group, an intra-capsular rupture was diagnosed in 12/85 cases (14%) associated with extra-capsular one in 5/12 cases (42%). Among the six cases with suspected breast lesions, in 2/21 patients with PIP implants (10%) a breast carcinoma was diagnosed (mucinous carcinoma, n=1; invasive ductal carcinoma, n=1). In 4/46 patients (9%) with non-PIP implants, an invasive ductal carcinoma was diagnosed. CONCLUSION: The rupture rate of PIP breast implants is significantly higher than non-PIP (50% vs 14%). MRI represents the most accurate imaging tool for evaluating breast prostheses and the linguine sign is the most common MRI sign to be searched. The incidence of breast carcinoma does not significantly differ between the PIP and non-PIP implants and a direct correlation with breast cancer can not been demonstrated.

Rectosigmoid endometriosis: comparison between CT water enema and video laparoscopy.

AIM: To evaluate the accuracy of water enema computed tomography (CT) for predicting the location of endometriosis in patients with contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), focusing on rectosigmoid lesions and having laparoscopic and histological data as the reference standard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three women (mean age 33.4 ± 3.1 years) suspected of having deep pelvic endometriosis underwent 64-row CT and video laparoscopy within 4 weeks. Two radiologists blinded to the clinical data evaluated the CT images obtained after colonic retrograde distension using water as the contrast medium, and a comparison with laparoscopic and histological findings was performed. CT sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy were calculated. The radiation dose to patients was estimated. Cohen's weighted kappa (κ) test was used to evaluate the interobserver agreement. RESULTS: In 23 out of 33 patients (69%) intestinal implants were found at surgery and pathological examinations. CT confirmed the diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis in 20 out of 23 implants. Three nodules located on the proximal sigmoid colon (two serosal lesions and one infiltrating the muscularis layer) with a diameter of less than 1 cm were not diagnosed. CT sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy values were 87, 100, 100, 77, and 91%, respectively. The mean effective dose estimate was 6.30 ± 1.7 mSv. Almost perfect agreement between the two readers was found (k = 0.84). CONCLUSION: Water enema CT can play a role in the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis and represents another accurate potential tool for video laparoscopic approaches, especially in patients for whom MRI is contraindicated.

Deep pelvic endometriosis: accuracy of pelvic MRI completed by MR colonography.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of pelvic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging completed by MR colonography for the preoperative evaluation of deep pelvic endometriosis in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 143 patients (mean age 34.3 ± 5.1 years) with a clinical suspicion of deep pelvic endometriosis were assessed by pelvic MR and MR colonography. All patients underwent laparoscopic surgery 3-10 weeks after the MR examination. The presence, location, number and extent of endometriotic lesions were evaluated. Data obtained with MR were compared with surgical findings. MR sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values and diagnostic accuracy values were calculated for each site by considering the laparoscopic and histological findings as the reference standard. RESULTS: Laparoscopy confirmed the presence of endometriosis in 119/143 patients (83%); in 76/119 (64%) deep pelvic endometriosis was diagnosed, whereas in the remaining 43/119 (36%), superficial peritoneal implants and endometriomas were found. In 32/119 (27%) patients, intestinal lesions were detected. MR had sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy values of 67-100%, 85-100%, 83-100%, 84-100% and 84-100%, respectively, in recognising lesions located in different pelvic sites. CONCLUSIONS: MR imaging combined with colonography is a highly accurate tool for characterising deep endometriotic lesions in patients scheduled for laparoscopic surgery. In particular, MR colonography has very high accuracy in detecting colorectal involvement.

Hepatic nodular regenerative lesions in patients with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: computed tomography and magnetic resonance findings.

PURPOSE: This study was done to evaluate the prevalence of regenerative hepatic nodules in patients with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 2001 and December 2010, 171 consecutive HHT patients (95 men and 76 women) were studied with triphasic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in 91 cases, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 34 cases and both in the remaining 46 cases. The presence of diffuse vascular abnormalities and focal liver lesions were recorded. RESULTS: Hepatic arteriovenous malformations (HAVMs) were found in 126/171 (74%) patients. Arteriovenous shunts were found in 24/171 (14%) cases, arterioportal shunts in 52/171 (30%), mixed shunts in 26/171 (15%), telangiectases in 84/171 (49%) and transient hepatic attenuation differences (THADs) in 70/171 (41%). Hepatic nodular lesions were found in 6/171 (3.5%) patients (three men; three women). In 5/6 cases, vascular abnormalities were also evident. Two patients had a single lesion; four had multiple lesions. No lesion showed a central scar. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperenhancing hepatic regenerative lesions have a high prevalence in HHT patients, representing the response of liver parenchyma to hypoperfusion caused by HAVMs. These lesions are often multiple and may lead to nodular regenerative hyperplasia.

CT diagnosis of the nature of bowel obstruction: morphological evaluation of the transition point.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated transition-point morphology for defining the nature of bowel obstructions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Computed tomography (CT) examinations of 95 patients affected by severe bowel obstruction (23 neoplastic, 72 nonneoplastic) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The transition point was identified in 89 patients (94%); morphology in relation to the proximal loop was concave in 64 cases (68%), linear in five (5%) and convex in 20 (21%). Concave transition-point morphology was indicative of a nonneoplastic condition, with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and diagnostic accuracy values of 89%, 100%, 100%, 74% and 92%, respectively. A linear shape had almost identical incidence among neoplastic (60%) and nonneoplastic (40%) conditions. A convex appearance correlated with neoplastic disease with sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy values of 87%, 100%, 100%, 96% and 97%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of bowel obstruction, transitionpoint detection indicates the obstruction site, whereas its morphological evaluation can contribute to defining the nature of the obstruction. A concave morphology indicates a nonneoplastic condition with a high probability; a convex morphology correlates with neoplastic disease, whereas linearity is not significant.